Department

Food Diagnostics

Precision Testing for Food Safety & Quality

Cleaning & Hygiene Control

A clean operation boosts efficiency, trust, and reputation. Advanced tools like ATP swabs and rapid microbial tests deliver fast and reliable results, ensuring compliance with stringent safety standards such as HACCP and ISO. Keep your operations spotless – ensure food safety at every step. 

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Cleaning & Hygiene Control

Effective cleaning and hygiene control are essential pillars of food safety and quality assurance. In environments where food is processed, even minimal contamination can lead to allergen cross-contact, microbial growth, or other safety risks. Diagnostic testing plays a critical role in verifying the success of sanitation procedures and ensuring regulatory compliance.

1. Allergen Testing
Cross-contamination with food allergens is a major concern, especially for products labeled as “free from” allergens like gluten, nuts, dairy, or soy. Allergen testing ensures that cleaning protocols have effectively removed allergenic residues.
What It Does: Detects trace amounts of specific allergenic proteins on surfaces or in rinse water after cleaning.
Common Methods: ELISA kits, lateral flow devices (LFDs), PCR-based assays.
Use Case: Post-cleaning verification in shared equipment lines or allergen-sensitive production.

Fact:
 Up to 60% of food recalls in some regions are due to undeclared allergens.

2. ATP Testing (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP is an energy molecule found in all living cells, including microbes and food residues. ATP testing is a rapid hygiene monitoring method that helps detect organic contamination immediately after cleaning.
What It Does: Provides real-time feedback on the presence of biological residues on surfaces.
Common Tools: Luminometers with swab-based ATP detection systems.
Use Case: Routine monitoring of high-risk zones like cutting surfaces, conveyor belts, or packaging areas.

Fact:
 . ATP test results are available in under 60 seconds – ideal for fast decision-making on re-cleaning needs.

3. Environmental Testing
This type of testing involves sampling and analyzing the production environment for pathogens or spoilage organisms.
What It Does: Detects microbial contamination on surfaces, air, water, or drains.
Common Targets: Listeria, Salmonella, E. coli, yeast & mold.
Use Case: Regular mapping of zones in production facilities to track hygiene performance over time.

Fact:
 . Environmental monitoring is a requirement under most GFSI-recognized food safety standards (e.g., BRCGS, SQF).

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Allergen Testing

These tests identify specific allergens such as peanuts, gluten, milk, and otheres, helping manufacturers comply with food safety regulations and avoid cross-contamination.

ATP Testing

ATP-Hygiene Control in the food industry helps monitor and verify the cleanliness of surfaces and equipment by measuring the presence of organic matter, ensuring food safety and preventing contamination.

Environmental Testing

Explore a range of different sampling tools to test the environment in the food industry and get an acurate cleaning status.

Dipslides

Dipslides are simple, culture-based tools coated with agar media that are used for environmental testing to detect and quantify microbial contamination on surfaces or in liquids.

Microbiology

Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa—
microbiology ensures the detection and control of harmful pathogens to safeguard public health and meet regulatory standards. With microbiology at the core of safety and innovation, industries can drive progress while ensuring quality and reliability.

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Microbiology

Testing Methods for Microorganisms in the Food Industry: Focus on Culture-Based Approaches

Ensuring microbiological safety and quality is a cornerstone of the food industry. Detecting and quantifying microorganisms is essential for preventing foodborne illness, maintaining shelf life, and complying with regulatory standards. While molecular and rapid techniques are increasingly used, culture-based methods remain the foundation of microbiological testing due to their reliability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory acceptance.

The Role of Culture Methods

Culture methods involve growing microorganisms on selective or non-selective media to identify, enumerate, or confirm their presence. They are widely used because they detect viable organisms, provide phenotypic information, and remain the “gold standard” for many food safety regulations. Although these methods can be time-consuming compared to molecular assays, their robustness and specificity make them indispensable in quality assurance.

Common Culture-Based Methods

  1. Plate Count Method (Total Viable Count)
    The plate count method is a fundamental approach for estimating the total viable microorganisms in food. A sample is serially diluted, plated on agar, and incubated to allow colonies to form. Each colony represents a viable organism, expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per gram or milliliter. This method is widely applied to assess general hygiene and product shelf life.

  2. Selective and Differential Media
    Culture media can be tailored to favor the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting others. For example, MacConkey agar differentiates coliforms, while Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar is used for Salmonella detection. Such media help isolate and identify pathogens of concern in complex food matrices.

  3. Most Probable Number (MPN) Method
    The MPN method is used when microorganisms are expected to be present at very low concentrations. It relies on statistical estimation based on growth observed in liquid broth media across serial dilutions. MPN is commonly applied for coliform testing in water, dairy, and other liquid foods.

  4. Petrifilm™ and Ready-to-Use Culture Plates
    Commercial ready-to-use plates, such as Petrifilm™, simplify traditional culture methods by incorporating dehydrated media and gelling agents into compact plates. These tools streamline testing, reduce preparation time, and are widely accepted for enumerating aerobic bacteria, yeasts, molds, and coliforms.

  5. Enrichment Culture Techniques
    For pathogens that may be present in low numbers or stressed by food processing conditions, enrichment broths are used to resuscitate and amplify their populations before selective plating. For instance, enrichment is critical in detecting Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in food samples.

Strengths and Limitations

Culture methods provide reliable, regulatory-accepted results and allow further testing such as antibiotic resistance profiling or biochemical characterization. However, their limitations include longer incubation times (often 24–72 hours), inability to detect viable but non-culturable (VBNC) organisms, and labor-intensive workflows.

Conclusion

Culture-based microbiological testing remains the backbone of food industry quality assurance. By combining classical approaches like plate counts and enrichment with innovations such as ready-to-use culture media, these methods continue to play a vital role in safeguarding food safety. While rapid and molecular techniques are expanding, culture methods provide the foundational reference against which all new technologies are measured.

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Petrifilm™ Count Plates

Petrifilm tests are standardized, ready-to-use culture plates widely used in the food industry to rapidly enumerate microorganisms such as aerobic bacteria, coliforms, yeasts, and molds, streamlining microbiological quality control.

Culture Media by BIOKAR

Biokar testing media are specialized culture media designed for the food industry, enabling selective isolation, enumeration, and identification of microorganisms to support food safety and quality assurance.

Rapid Microbiology

Rapid methods for microbiology are innovative analytical techniques that accelerate the detection, identification, and quantification of microorganisms, providing faster results than traditional culture-based approaches to enhance food safety and quality control.

Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.

Foodborne Pathogens

Harmful microorganisms—such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites—can contaminate food and pose serious health risks. Protect consumers with effective pathogen control!

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Foodborne Pathogens

The Importance of Testing for Foodborne Pathogens in Food Production: Methods and Comparisons

Food safety remains one of the most pressing concerns in global food production. Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. are responsible for millions of illnesses and significant economic losses worldwide. Preventing their presence in the food supply chain is critical not only for protecting public health but also for ensuring regulatory compliance, maintaining consumer trust, and safeguarding brand reputation.

Testing for foodborne pathogens is therefore an essential component of food safety management systems. Advances in microbiological methods have expanded the range of available techniques, from conventional culture-based approaches to molecular and rapid detection systems. Each method carries distinct advantages and limitations, making method selection a strategic decision for food producers.

Why Testing for Foodborne Pathogens is Essential

  1. Consumer Safety – Pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can survive and multiply in refrigerated foods, while E. coli O157:H7 requires very low infectious doses to cause severe illness. Regular testing reduces risks to consumers.
  2. Regulatory Compliance – Standards such as the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), EU Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 on Microbiological Criteria, and Codex Alimentarius require documented pathogen testing to verify food safety controls.
  3. Brand Protection and Market Access – Foodborne outbreaks and recalls can cause irreparable damage to brand reputation and restrict market access. Routine testing provides assurance to retailers, regulators, and consumers.
  4. Process Verification and HACCP Compliance – Pathogen testing verifies the effectiveness of sanitation, preventive controls, and critical control points within HACCP-based food safety systems.
  5. Economic Efficiency – Early detection of pathogens prevents costly product recalls, production shutdowns, and litigation.

Methods for Foodborne Pathogen Testing

Food producers have access to a range of testing methodologies, each suited to different needs depending on speed, sensitivity, cost, and regulatory acceptance.

Method Principle Applications Turnaround Time Advantages Limitations Relevant Standards
Traditional Culture-Based Methods Isolation and growth of pathogens on selective agar/broth Confirmation of Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter 2–7 days Regulatory gold standard; cost-effective; identifies live organisms Slow results; cannot detect viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells ISO 6579 (Salmonella), ISO 11290 (Listeria), FDA BAM
Immunological Methods (ELISA, Lateral Flow) Antibody-antigen binding for pathogen detection Rapid screening for specific pathogens 2–24 hours Faster than culture; simple to use; suitable for routine screening Requires confirmatory culture; may lack sensitivity for low-level contamination AOAC Official Methods, ISO 16140 (validation)
PCR / qPCR (Molecular) DNA amplification of pathogen-specific genes Detection and quantification of pathogens 2–6 hours High sensitivity and specificity; rapid results Higher cost; requires skilled personnel and specialized equipment ISO 22174 (PCR methods), FDA BAM molecular methods
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Sequencing microbial DNA for pathogen identification and source tracking Outbreak investigation, environmental monitoring, metagenomic profiling 1–3 days Comprehensive data; tracks contamination sources Expensive; requires advanced bioinformatics Codex guidelines (emerging); research and high-end QA labs
Flow Cytometry Laser-based detection of microbial cells in suspension Real-time monitoring in beverages, dairy, and water Minutes to hours Rapid, quantitative, can distinguish live/dead cells High capital investment; not yet widely adopted for pathogens ISO 19344 (dairy applications)

 

Comparative Insights

  • Culture-Based Methods remain the reference standard for regulatory compliance, but their long turnaround times can delay corrective actions.
  • Immunological Assays are suitable for rapid screening in routine monitoring but typically require confirmatory culture testing.
  • PCR and qPCR provide a balance between speed and accuracy, increasingly favored in pathogen verification and process monitoring.
  • NGS offers unparalleled resolution for tracking contamination sources and analyzing microbial ecology but remains limited to high-resource settings.
  • Flow Cytometry provides real-time quantitative data but is mainly applied in specific sectors such as beverages and dairy rather than broad pathogen detection.

Conclusion

Testing for foodborne pathogens is critical for protecting consumers, meeting regulatory requirements, and maintaining market competitiveness. While traditional culture methods remain the regulatory benchmark, their limitations in speed have driven the adoption of rapid, molecular, and next-generation approaches. A multi-tiered testing strategy—combining culture confirmation with rapid molecular detection—offers the most robust assurance of food safety.

As global food supply chains become more complex, food producers must align their pathogen testing strategies with international standards such as ISO 17025, ISO 6579, ISO 11290, FDA BAM, and EU microbiological criteria. This alignment not only ensures compliance but also strengthens consumer confidence and supports sustainable growth in an increasingly competitive industry.

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Salmonella

Salmonella testing in food involves the detection and identification of Salmonella spp. using microbiological, immunological, or molecular methods to ensure food safety and prevent outbreaks of salmonellosis.

Listeria

Explore a range of reliable Listeria testing methods, from traditional culture techniques to rapid molecular and immunoassay approaches, designed to ensure accurate detection and enhanced food safety.

E.coli O157

Escherichia coli is a bacterium that thrives in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions within the gut, where most strains are harmless commensals, though some pathogenic types can cause significant gastrointestinal and systemic infections.

Bacillus Cereus

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively aerobic bacterium that is associated with foodborne illness, producing enterotoxins that cause diarrheal syndrome and an emetic toxin responsible for vomiting.

Campylobacter

Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria that are a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, typically transmitted through contaminated food, water, or animal contact.

Cronobacter

Cronobacter is a foodborne pathogen of critical importance to food safety because it can survive in dry products like powdered infant formula and cause severe, sometimes fatal, infections in neonates and immunocompromised individuals.

Stahpylococcus

Staphylococcus is significant in food safety because certain strains, particularly *Staphylococcus aureus*, can produce heat-stable enterotoxins in contaminated foods, leading to foodborne illness even after cooking or processing.

Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.

Food Allergens

Proper allergen management is essential to protect consumers and ensure food safety at every stage of production. Stay vigilant—food safety starts with effective allergen control!

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Food Allergens

The Importance of Allergen Testing in Food Production: Methods and Comparisons

Food allergens represent one of the most significant food safety risks in modern food production. Unlike microbial hazards, which may be eliminated through thermal processing or sanitation, allergens remain in food even after processing and can trigger severe—sometimes life-threatening—reactions in sensitive individuals. With increasing consumer awareness, stricter labeling requirements, and global regulatory demands, allergen testing has become a critical component of food safety management systems.

Why Allergen Testing Matters

  1. Consumer Safety
    Food allergies affect millions worldwide. For highly sensitive consumers, even trace levels of allergens such as peanuts, tree nuts, milk, soy, eggs, fish, shellfish, sesame, and gluten can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. Testing ensures that allergen control plans are effective in minimizing risk.
  2. Regulatory Compliance
    Legislation such as the U.S. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), the EU Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on Food Information to Consumers, and Codex Alimentarius standards require clear allergen labeling and control. Allergen testing verifies compliance and provides documented evidence during audits.
  3. Preventing Cross-Contact
    Shared equipment, processing lines, and storage areas are key sources of unintentional allergen cross-contact. Testing verifies cleaning effectiveness and ensures cross-contact is minimized.
  4. Brand Protection and Market Trust
    Undeclared allergens are among the leading causes of product recalls globally. Regular allergen testing helps prevent recalls, protects brand reputation, and builds consumer confidence.
  5. Process Verification
    Testing supports allergen management programs within HACCP and preventive control systems, confirming that allergen labeling, segregation, and sanitation practices are effective.

Methods of Allergen Testing in Food Production

A variety of analytical methods are available to detect and quantify allergens. Method selection depends on the type of allergen, food matrix, sensitivity requirements, and regulatory needs.

Method Principle Applications Turnaround Time Advantages Limitations Relevant Standards/References
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Antibody-antigen reaction to detect allergenic proteins Quantification of specific allergens (e.g., peanut, milk, egg, soy) in raw materials, finished products, and swabs 2–5 hours Sensitive, relatively low cost, widely used and validated Limited to targeted allergens; may underperform in processed foods (protein denaturation) AOAC Official Methods, ISO 17025 labs
Lateral Flow Devices (LFDs / Rapid Tests) Antibody-based test strips (similar to pregnancy tests) Quick screening of surfaces, rinse water, and raw ingredients Minutes (5–15) Very rapid, simple to use, suitable for in-plant checks Semi-quantitative; less sensitive than ELISA; may give false negatives in complex matrices Industry GMP guidelines
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Detects DNA fragments of allergenic sources Detection of allergens where protein is degraded (e.g., processed foods) 2–6 hours Highly sensitive; useful for heat-processed foods Detects DNA, not protein (may not correlate with allergenic risk); requires skilled staff ISO 21571 (PCR for GMO/Allergen Testing)
Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Protein identification and quantification via peptide analysis Multiplex detection of multiple allergens in complex matrices 1–2 days Highly accurate, detects multiple allergens simultaneously, robust in processed foods High cost; requires advanced instrumentation and expertise Emerging standard; research and reference labs
Biosensors & Emerging Methods Electrochemical or optical sensors for protein detection On-site, real-time allergen monitoring (in development) Minutes to hours Potential for rapid, portable, high-sensitivity testing Still limited in validation and adoption Under development; ISO/validation pending

 

Comparative Insights

  • ELISA remains the most widely used and validated method, offering reliable quantification of common allergens in food products and environmental samples.
  • Lateral Flow Devices are valuable for rapid on-site screening and sanitation verification, but they should be paired with more sensitive laboratory tests for confirmation.
  • PCR is especially useful for detecting allergens in heat-processed foods where proteins may be degraded, but its detection of DNA does not always correlate with allergenic potential.
  • Mass Spectrometry represents the future of allergen testing, providing multiplex capability and robustness in complex matrices, though cost and expertise remain barriers.
  • Emerging Biosensor Technologies hold promise for real-time allergen monitoring in food production environments but are not yet widely validated.

Conclusion

Allergen testing is a non-negotiable element of modern food safety programs. With regulatory requirements tightening and consumer demand for transparency increasing, food producers must integrate allergen testing into their HACCP and preventive control systems.

While ELISA and rapid lateral flow tests remain the industry mainstays for routine monitoring, PCR and LC-MS/MS are gaining traction as complementary tools for more complex analyses and validation. A layered approach—combining rapid screening with confirmatory laboratory methods—provides the most effective strategy for ensuring allergen control, protecting consumers, and maintaining brand trust in a highly competitive food market.

By aligning testing practices with globally recognized standards such as FALCPA, EU 1169/2011, Codex Alimentarius, AOAC Official Methods, and ISO 17025, food businesses can not only meet regulatory obligations but also demonstrate leadership in consumer protection.

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Qualitative – 
Lateral Flow Strip Tests

These tests provide quick results without the need for specialized equipment, making them ideal for on-site screening and quality control.

Quantitative – ELISA

It offers high sensitivity and precision, providing accurate measurements that help ensure compliance with regulatory standards and product safety.

Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.

Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds that contaminate food and feed crops, posing serious health risks to humans and animals. Safe food starts with mycotoxin control!

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Mycotoxins

Mycotoxin Testing in Feed and Food Production: Methods and Comparisons

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds, primarily species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. They pose serious health risks to humans and animals, including carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive, and neurotoxic effects. In livestock, chronic exposure can lead to reduced productivity, poor growth performance, and increased susceptibility to disease. In humans, dietary intake of mycotoxins is associated with acute poisoning as well as long-term health consequences such as cancer.

For both feed and food producers, mycotoxin contamination is a persistent challenge due to the global trade of raw materials (grains, cereals, nuts, spices) and the difficulty of eliminating mycotoxins once they are present. Effective testing and monitoring are therefore critical for ensuring safety, meeting regulatory requirements, and protecting brand reputation.

Why Mycotoxin Testing is Essential

  1. Consumer and Animal Safety
    Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2/HT-2 toxins are harmful at very low concentrations. In animals, contaminated feed can transfer toxins into milk, meat, or eggs, creating a direct risk to consumers.
  2. Regulatory Compliance
    International regulations, including EU Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 (maximum levels in food), EU Directive 2002/32/EC (undesirable substances in animal feed), and FDA regulations (e.g., aflatoxin limits in grain and feed), set strict limits for mycotoxins. Testing ensures compliance with these limits to avoid penalties, recalls, or trade restrictions.
  3. Economic Protection
    Contaminated feed leads to decreased animal productivity, while contaminated food results in costly recalls and destroyed batches. Regular mycotoxin testing reduces economic losses by enabling early intervention.
  4. Global Trade Requirements
    Mycotoxin testing is essential for accessing international markets, where importers demand certificates of analysis to demonstrate compliance with local regulatory thresholds.
  5. Risk Management in Supply Chains
    Since mycotoxin contamination can occur pre-harvest, during storage, or along distribution chains, testing allows producers to identify contaminated lots early, segregate them, and implement targeted risk management measures.

Methods of Mycotoxin Testing in Feed and Food

Multiple analytical methods are available, ranging from rapid on-site screening to highly accurate laboratory confirmation.

Method Principle Applications Turnaround Time Advantages Limitations Relevant Standards/References
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Antibody-antigen binding specific to mycotoxin molecules Quantitative screening of specific mycotoxins in raw materials and finished products 2–4 hours Cost-effective, relatively fast, simple to use, suitable for routine monitoring Limited to targeted toxins; potential cross-reactivity; less reliable in complex matrices AOAC Official Methods; ISO 17025 labs
Lateral Flow Devices (LFDs / Rapid Test Strips) Immunochromatographic detection on test strips On-site rapid screening for aflatoxins, DON, fumonisins, zearalenone Minutes (5–15) Portable, easy to use, immediate results Semi-quantitative; lower sensitivity and accuracy; confirmatory testing required GMP industry guidelines
HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) with Fluorescence/UV Detection Separation and quantification of mycotoxins using chromatographic principles Regulatory testing of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, DON, fumonisins, zearalenone 1–2 days High accuracy, widely validated, accepted for compliance Requires sample cleanup; time-consuming; skilled operators needed ISO 16050 (aflatoxins), AOAC methods
LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry) Separation and detection based on mass-to-charge ratios Multiplex analysis of multiple mycotoxins in a single run 1–2 days Highly sensitive and specific; simultaneous detection of dozens of mycotoxins High cost; requires advanced instrumentation and expertise AOAC, EU Reference Laboratory protocols
Biosensors & Emerging Technologies Electrochemical or optical sensor platforms Real-time or near-real-time detection in feed/food Minutes to hours Portable, fast, potential for field monitoring Limited validation; early stage of industrial adoption Under development; ISO validation pending

 

 

Comparative Insights

  • ELISA and LFDs are most useful for screening and routine monitoring at production sites or along supply chains, allowing rapid decision-making. However, they should be paired with confirmatory laboratory tests for regulatory reporting.
  • HPLC and LC-MS/MS remain the regulatory gold standards, offering high accuracy and reliability for compliance and trade. LC-MS/MS is particularly powerful because it can detect multiple mycotoxins simultaneously, reflecting the frequent co-occurrence of toxins in raw materials.
  • Emerging biosensor technologies show promise for real-time, on-site detection, which could revolutionize risk management in feed mills and food production facilities, but they still lack widespread validation and acceptance by regulatory authorities.

Conclusion

Mycotoxin contamination in feed and food production poses significant risks to human and animal health, as well as to business continuity and international trade. Regular testing is therefore essential for consumer protection, regulatory compliance, and economic resilience.

While rapid methods such as ELISA and LFDs are well-suited for on-site screening and day-to-day monitoring, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and LC-MS/MS provide the accuracy and reliability needed for confirmatory and regulatory testing. A tiered approach, where rapid screening is combined with laboratory confirmation, offers the most effective and efficient strategy for managing mycotoxin risks in modern feed and food production systems.

By aligning testing programs with internationally recognized standards—including AOAC Official Methods, ISO 16050, EU regulations, and FDA guidance—producers can demonstrate compliance, protect their brands, and safeguard the health of consumers and animals alike.

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Aflatoxin

Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that contaminate food crops such as maize and peanuts, posing serious risks to liver health in humans and animals.

DON – Deoxynivalenol

Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that commonly contaminates cereal grains and impairs protein synthesis, leading to gastrointestinal and immunological disorders in humans and animals.

Equipment

Equipment used for the preparation of samples and testing quick and reliable for myctoxins in different matrices.

Fumonisin

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium species that contaminate maize and disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, posing significant risks to human and animal health.

Ochratoxin

Ochratoxins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species that contaminate food and feed, exhibiting nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic effects in humans and animals.

T2 HT2

T-2 and HT-2 toxins are type A trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that frequently contaminate cereals and exert cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, and gastrointestinal effects in humans and animals.

Zearalenone

Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that contaminates cereals and animal feed, causing reproductive disorders in livestock and posing endocrine-disrupting risks to humans.

Mycotoxin Standards

Explore different ISO 17043 accredited standards for the highest standards of accuracy and consitancy.

Proficiency testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.

Enzymatic Test Kits

Enzymatic test kits provide accurate analysis of key components in food and beverages. They use enzymatic reactions to measure sugar, alcohol, and organic acids with precision. These kits help maintain product quality, consistency, and compliance in manufacturing.

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Enzymatic Test Kits

Enzymatic Test Kit Methods in the Food Industry: Focus on Dairy, Oils, and Brewery

Enzymatic test kits have become indispensable analytical tools in the food industry due to their specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. These assays are based on enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert a target analyte into a measurable product, often detected spectrophotometrically through NADH/NADPH absorbance at 340 nm or colorimetric endpoints. Such methods align with international standards (e.g., AOAC, ISO, IDF), making them the reference techniques for nutritional labeling, process monitoring, and regulatory compliance.

Applications in the Dairy Industry

In dairy analysis, enzymatic methods are widely used for quantifying lactose, D-galactose, glucose, and lactic acid. For example, lactose determination typically involves the sequential hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose using β-galactosidase, followed by enzymatic conversion of these monosaccharides with hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), generating NADPH proportional to lactose concentration. Lactic acid analysis relies on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalysis, converting lactate to pyruvate with concomitant NADH oxidation. These assays provide high accuracy in lactose-free product validation, fermentation monitoring, and nutritional labeling.

Applications in the Edible Oil Industry

In edible oil and fat processing, enzymatic kits are applied for free fatty acids, glycerol, and glyceride analysis. Free glycerol, for instance, is quantified via glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO), leading to hydrogen peroxide formation that is measured colorimetrically with peroxidase (POD). This method is critical in assessing oil refining efficiency and monitoring lipolysis. Free fatty acids are frequently analyzed through coupled enzymatic reactions involving acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOD), producing hydrogen peroxide for photometric detection. These assays provide precise indicators of oil stability, rancidity development, and compliance with international edible oil quality standards.

Applications in the Brewery Industry

Brewing relies heavily on enzymatic assays to quantify fermentable sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose, maltotriose), ethanol, and organic acids. For example, ethanol determination is based on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) catalysis, where ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde with reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH, monitored photometrically. Similarly, glucose and fructose assays employ hexokinase and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), enabling accurate sugar profiling during fermentation. Organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid are quantified through specific dehydrogenase reactions generating measurable NADH. These assays provide brewers with precise tools for fermentation control, yeast performance evaluation, and final product consistency.

Conclusion

Enzymatic test kits, based on highly specific enzyme-substrate systems and spectrophotometric detection, are essential for food industry quality control. Their application in dairy, oils, and brewery ensures accurate quantification of key metabolites, supports regulatory compliance, and facilitates process optimization. By relying on standardized enzymatic pathways, the food industry benefits from robust, reproducible, and internationally recognized analytical methods.

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Brewing Industry Test Kits

Enzymatic test kits are widely used in the brewery industry to monitor key parameters such as sugars, alcohol, and organic acids, ensuring consistent quality and optimal production control.

Cider Industry Test Kits

In the cider industry, enzymatic test kits provide accurate analysis of sugars, alcohol, and acidity to support quality assurance and efficient production control.

Dairy Industry Test Kits

These tests provide quick results without the need for specialized equipment, making them ideal for on-site screening and quality control.

Dietary Fibre Test Kits

Enzymatic test kits for dietary fiber in food enable accurate quantification of soluble and insoluble fiber fractions, facilitating nutritional analysis and compliance with international food standards.

Bakery Industry Test Kits

Enzymatic testing in the bakery industry is employed to evaluate the activity of specific enzymes, such as amylases and proteases, which influence dough rheology, fermentation performance, and final product quality.

Pet Food Industry Test Kits

Enzymatic testing in the pet food industry is used to assess enzyme activity, such as proteases and lipases, to optimize nutrient digestibility, enhance product consistency, and ensure compliance with nutritional standards.

Oil Industry Test Kits

Regular oil testing in the food industry is essential for monitoring oxidation levels, ensuring product quality, extending frying oil lifespan, and maintaining compliance with food safety standards.

Wine Industry Test Kits

In the wine industry, enzymatic testing is utilized to measure activities such as pectinases and glycosidases, which aid in juice extraction, clarification, flavor development, and overall product stability.

Food Industry Test Kits

Enzymatic testing in the food industry is widely applied to monitor enzyme activity for improving processing efficiency, ensuring product quality, and verifying nutritional or functional properties across diverse food matrices.

Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.

GMO

Genetically modified organism (GMO) testing uses advanced molecular techniques, such as PCR and DNA sequencing, to detect the presence of genetically engineered material in food and agricultural products. These tests ensure regulatory compliance, verify product labeling, and help maintain transparency for consumers and producers.

Ensuring a balanced diet
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Lateral Flow GMO Screening

Lateral Flow GMO Screening provides a rapid and user-friendly method for detecting genetically modified material in crops and food products directly at the point of testing.

GMO Identification Kits

GMO Identification Kits offer precise and reliable tools for detecting and characterizing genetically modified material in agricultural and food samples.

GMO Screening Kits

GMO Screening Kits provide a fast and dependable solution for monitoring and verifying the presence of genetically modified organisms in various samples.

GMO Quantification Kits

GMO Quantification PCR Kits offer precise and sensitive measurement of genetically modified content using real-time PCR technology, supporting regulatory compliance and quality assurance.

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing rapidly amplifies and detects pathogen-specific DNA or RNA, allowing for highly sensitive identification of infectious agents. This method is widely used in clinical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring to ensure early and accurate detection of harmful microorganisms.

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PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Testing in the Food Industry: Applications in Foodborne Pathogen Detection and Species Identification

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become one of the most powerful molecular tools in the food industry, offering rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of microbial and genetic markers. Unlike conventional microbiological methods, which can require days of culture and biochemical confirmation, PCR enables the amplification and identification of DNA within hours, making it particularly valuable in the context of food safety and quality assurance.

PCR for Foodborne Pathogen Detection

Foodborne illnesses represent a significant public health challenge worldwide, with pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. being major contributors. Traditional culture-based techniques, while reliable, are labor-intensive and may not detect viable but non-culturable organisms. PCR circumvents these limitations by targeting species-specific or virulence-associated DNA sequences, allowing for precise detection even in complex food matrices.

Real-time PCR (qPCR) has further advanced this capability, enabling not only qualitative detection but also quantitative estimation of pathogen loads. The high sensitivity of PCR allows for the identification of contamination at very low levels, which is critical in ready-to-eat products and high-risk foods. Multiplex PCR assays have been developed to detect multiple pathogens simultaneously, thereby improving testing efficiency in routine food safety monitoring.

PCR for Species Identification

Beyond pathogen detection, PCR also plays an essential role in species authentication within the food industry. Adulteration and mislabeling of food products, whether accidental or intentional, pose economic and ethical challenges and may also have health implications for consumers with allergies or dietary restrictions. By amplifying species-specific DNA markers such as mitochondrial genes, PCR enables the identification of animal and plant species present in a food product.

This approach is particularly important in the meat and seafood industries, where substitution of high-value species with lower-cost alternatives is a persistent issue. PCR-based species identification has also been applied in dairy, honey, and grain products to verify labeling accuracy and protect against fraud.

Advantages and Challenges

The advantages of PCR testing include its speed, specificity, sensitivity, and versatility across different food types. However, certain challenges remain, such as the presence of PCR inhibitors in complex food matrices, the need for skilled personnel, and the requirement for standardized protocols across regulatory frameworks. Continuous improvements in sample preparation, DNA extraction methods, and portable PCR technologies are addressing these limitations and making PCR more accessible for routine testing.

Conclusion

PCR has revolutionized food testing by providing a robust platform for the detection of foodborne pathogens and the verification of species identity. Its application not only enhances food safety and consumer protection but also strengthens industry compliance with regulatory standards. As molecular technologies continue to evolve, PCR is expected to remain a cornerstone of modern food safety and authenticity testing.

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Public Health Protection
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Product categories: PCR
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Foodborne Pathogenes & Others

PCR-based pathogen kits provide rapid, sensitive, and reliable detection of harmful microorganisms in food products, ensuring safety and regulatory compliance.

Species Identification

PCR-based species identification kits enable accurate and efficient verification of animal and plant species in food products, supporting authenticity testing and regulatory compliance.

Veterinary Drug Residues

Veterinary drug residues are trace amounts of medications that may remain in animal-derived foods like meat, milk, and eggs. These residues can pose health risks, including allergic reactions and antimicrobial resistance.

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Veterinary Drug Residues

Testing Methods for Veterinary Drug Residues in Food: A Review

Abstract

The presence of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin poses risks to public health, food safety, and international trade. Reliable analytical methods are essential for monitoring, regulation, and ensuring consumer protection. This review summarizes the main testing methods for veterinary drug residues, including screening and confirmatory techniques. Advances in immunoassays, chromatographic methods, and mass spectrometry are highlighted, along with current challenges and future perspectives.

1. Introduction

Veterinary drugs are widely used to prevent and treat diseases in livestock and to promote growth. However, improper use, failure to respect withdrawal periods, or illegal applications can lead to residues in edible products such as meat, milk, eggs, and fish. Regulatory agencies, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Codex Alimentarius Commission, have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) to safeguard consumers. Effective testing methods are crucial to enforce these regulations and to ensure global food safety.

2. Screening Methods

Screening methods provide rapid, cost-effective, and high-throughput testing for large numbers of samples. Their main purpose is to identify potentially non-compliant samples, which are then subjected to confirmatory analysis.

2.1 Immunoassays

  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): Widely used due to sensitivity, simplicity, and ability to process multiple samples simultaneously. Suitable for detecting antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.
  • Lateral flow devices (LFDs): Portable, user-friendly tests often applied in field screening for milk or meat residues.

2.2 Microbiological Inhibition Assays

  • Rely on the growth inhibition of bacteria (e.g., Bacillus stearothermophilus) in the presence of antimicrobial residues.
  • Commonly applied in routine milk screening.
  • Advantages: inexpensive, broad-spectrum.
  • Limitations: longer turnaround time, lower specificity.

2.3 Biosensors

  • Use biological recognition elements (antibodies, enzymes, aptamers) coupled with transducers (optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric).
  • Provide rapid and sensitive detection, though still limited in commercial adoption.

3. Confirmatory Methods

Confirmatory methods provide unambiguous identification and quantification of residues and are required by regulatory authorities for enforcement purposes.

3.1 Chromatography-Based Methods

  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): Common for a broad range of drugs, often coupled with ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, or diode-array detectors.
  • Gas chromatography (GC): Particularly suitable for volatile or derivatized compounds such as organochlorine pesticides and certain veterinary drugs.

3.2 Mass Spectrometry (MS)

  • LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry): Considered the “gold standard” for confirmatory analysis of veterinary residues. Offers high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect multiple residues simultaneously.
  • GC-MS: Effective for volatile compounds; used less frequently than LC-MS/MS due to the need for derivatization.

3.3 Multi-Residue Methods

  • Advanced LC-MS/MS methods can simultaneously detect dozens to hundreds of drug classes (antibiotics, antiparasitics, hormones).
  • Increasingly important for regulatory monitoring, especially in international trade.

4. Challenges and Future Directions

  • Matrix complexity: Fat, protein, and other components in animal-derived foods complicate extraction and quantification.
  • Emerging drug classes: Continuous development of new veterinary drugs requires adaptation of detection methods.
  • Rapid on-site testing: Development of portable, high-sensitivity devices could revolutionize screening.
  • Data integration and automation: Machine learning and AI may enhance spectral interpretation and reduce false positives.

5. Conclusion

Veterinary drug residue testing is essential to protect consumer health and maintain confidence in the global food supply. While traditional screening methods such as immunoassays and microbiological tests remain indispensable for rapid detection, confirmatory methods based on LC-MS/MS represent the current analytical benchmark. Future advances are expected to improve sensitivity, speed, and accessibility, supporting more efficient food safety monitoring worldwide.

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to test for veterinary drug residues
in different food matrices

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Antibiotic Residue Assays

Rapid Assays for the detection of antibiotics in milk, tissue and honey.

Equipment

Products include devices like the Extenso Device, Heatsensor Octo, and Readsensor 2, designed to ensure precision and efficiency in testing workflows.

Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.

Water Testing

Water testing ensures the safety and quality of water in food production, agriculture, and consumption. It analyzes pH, turbidity, microbes, heavy metals, and chemicals to meet health standards. Reliable testing helps prevent contamination and safeguard public health.

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Water Testing

Methods of Water Testing for Bacteria: Approaches, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Ensuring the microbiological safety of water is critical for public health, as contaminated water can transmit pathogens responsible for gastrointestinal illness and other serious diseases. Several methods are available to test for bacteria in water, ranging from traditional culture-based techniques to modern molecular methods. Each approach has its own strengths and limitations, making the choice of method dependent on context, resources, and regulatory requirements.

1. Culture-Based Methods

a. Membrane Filtration (MF)

Water is passed through a membrane filter that traps bacteria, which are then cultured on selective agar. Colonies are counted to estimate bacterial concentrations.

  • Advantages:

    • High sensitivity and specificity for target bacteria (e.g., coliforms, E. coli).

    • Provides quantitative results (colony-forming units per 100 mL).

    • Widely standardized and accepted by regulatory agencies.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Requires incubation (18–48 hours), delaying results.

    • Some bacteria may be viable but non-culturable (VBNC), leading to underestimation.

    • Needs laboratory infrastructure and trained personnel.

b. Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) / Most Probable Number (MPN)

Serial dilutions of water are inoculated into broth tubes; bacterial growth is detected by gas or color change, and statistical tables estimate bacterial density.

  • Advantages:

    • Simple equipment requirements.

    • Suitable for turbid or colored water that may clog filters in MF.

    • Established regulatory method.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Time-consuming (up to 5 days for confirmation).

    • Provides only statistical estimates, not direct counts.

    • Labor-intensive and less precise than MF.

2. Rapid Enzymatic and Biochemical Methods

a. Defined Substrate Technology (e.g., Colilert, Enterolert)

Water samples are mixed with substrates that change color or fluoresce when metabolized by specific bacterial enzymes.

  • Advantages:

    • Faster results (within 18–24 hours).

    • Simple, minimal equipment required.

    • High specificity for target organisms like E. coli and enterococci.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Higher cost compared to traditional methods.

    • May not detect all viable bacteria present.

    • Primarily qualitative or semi-quantitative.

3. Molecular Methods

a. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and qPCR

DNA from water samples is amplified to detect bacterial species or genes of interest.

  • Advantages:

    • High sensitivity and specificity.

    • Rapid results (hours instead of days).

    • Can detect VBNC bacteria that culture-based methods miss.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Expensive reagents and specialized equipment required.

    • Requires trained personnel and laboratory infrastructure.

    • Detects DNA from both live and dead cells, which can overestimate risk.

4. Field-Based and On-Site Methods

a. Dipslides

Plastic paddles coated with agar are dipped into water, incubated, and examined for bacterial growth.

  • Advantages:

    • Simple, inexpensive, and portable.

    • Useful for routine monitoring in industrial or environmental settings.

    • Provides a visual, semi-quantitative indication of contamination.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Low sensitivity compared to laboratory methods.

    • Requires incubation period.

    • Results are qualitative or semi-quantitative at best.

Comparison of Methods

Method Speed Accuracy Cost Practicality
Membrane Filtration Medium (1–2 days) High (for culturable bacteria) Moderate Requires lab setup
MTF / MPN Slow (3–5 days) Moderate Low Simple but labor-intensive
Enzymatic (Colilert, etc.) Medium (18–24 h) High (targeted) Higher Easy to use, limited scope
PCR / qPCR Fast (hours) Very High High Requires expertise & lab
Dipslides Medium (1–2 days) Low–Moderate Low Portable, screening only

Conclusion

No single method is universally superior; the choice depends on the context of testing. Culture-based methods like membrane filtration and MPN remain regulatory gold standards, while enzymatic kits and PCR offer faster, more specific alternatives. For field monitoring or quick screening, dipslides are convenient but less precise. Ultimately, a combination of traditional and modern methods often provides the most reliable approach to ensuring water safety.

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methods for water testing

Prevention & Control
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Product categories: Water Testing
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Clostridium perfringens

Rapid Assays for the detection of antibiotics in milk, tissue and honey.

Colony Count

Products include devices like the Extenso Device, Heatsensor Octo, and Readsensor 2, designed to ensure precision and efficiency in testing workflows.

E.coli & Coliforms

Rapid Assays for the detection of antibiotics in milk, tissue and honey.

Enterococcus

Rapid Assays for the detection of antibiotics in milk, tissue and honey.

Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing is essential for laboratories as it provides an objective means to evaluate analytical performance, verify methodological accuracy, and ensure the validity and comparability of test results across different testing facilities.